Tag Archives: 斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所

瑞典前首相略夫文担任斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所理事会主席

北欧绿色邮报网报道(记者陈雪霏)斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所消息,瑞典前首相略夫文日前被任命为斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所理事会主席。他将与2022年6月1日开始就职,接替现任主席扬.埃利亚松。

斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所成立于1966年是直接隶属于议会的一个研究机构。就是说是由议会直接拨款的机构。

略夫文于2014年9月到2021年12月当了7年瑞典首相。第二任期提前一年辞职了。

他说,他很期待这项工作。在这个令人担忧的时期,接受这项工作也是一个挑战。现在我们的作用更重要了。我们比以往任何时候都更需要很好的信息和头脑清醒的分析,这正是斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所所能提供的。

他最近被联合国秘书长任命共同领导一个高级顾问团为2023年未来首脑会议做准备。他是前瑞典工会的国际秘书长。他还担任瑞典工会联合会董事,瑞典贸易委员会副主席,帕尔梅国际中心理事。

斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所所长丹.史密斯说,他期待与略夫文合作,这反应了该研究所是一个社会地位很高的一个组织,因为前首相将担任理事会主席。

埃利亚松也对略夫文高度评价。他将在6月结束他为期5年的主席职务。卸任后,继续作为杰出研究员在研究所工作。

Löfven’s background includes extensive experience from various domestic and international assignments. He was recently appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General to co-lead a High-level Advisory Board in preparation for the 2023 Summit of the Future. He was previously the International Secretary of the Swedish trade union IF Metall and, subsequently, its Chair (2006–2012). He was also a board member of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (2006–2012), a board member of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (2010–2012), Deputy Chair of the Swedish Trade Council (2004–2012) and a board member of the Olof Palme International Centre (2002–2006).

Welcoming the appointment, SIPRI Director Dan Smith says, ‘I very much look forward to working with Stefan Löfven. It reflects our high standing that Stefan Löfven is becoming our new Chair of the board.’

‘I am proud and delighted to be passing the SIPRI torch to such a qualified and well-respected leader as Stefan Löfven,’ comments Ambassador Jan Eliasson, who will conclude his five-year term as Chair of the SIPRI Governing Board at the end of May and continue to contribute to SIPRI’s work as a Distinguished Associate Fellow.

斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所:美国依然是全球最大武器国军售第一

北欧绿色邮报网报道(记者陈雪霏) 12 月 6 日,斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所(SIPRI)发布最新数据表明,2020 全球最大的100 家武器生产和军事服务公司军售总额为 5310 亿美元,较 2019 年增长 1.3%。

 自2015年SIPRI首次收录中国公司的数据以来,到 2020 年全球百强军工企业的武器销售额总共增长了 17%。这也是百强的军售连续第六年增长。 军工产业经受住了新冠肺炎疫情和经济衰退的考验。

 尽管全球经济在新冠疫情的第一年衰退了 3.1%,百强的军售却继续增加。SIPRI 军事支出和武器生产项目 的研究员亚历山德拉·马克斯坦纳说:“各国政府对军工产业的持续需求让行业巨头在很大程度上免受疫情冲击。世界大部分地区的军费开支都持续增长,而一些国家甚至加快向军工企业付款,以减轻疫情对该产业的影响。”

 尽管如此,军工市场并未完全免受疫情的影响。例如位于法国的武器制造商泰利兹将其军售 5.8%的下降归 因于2020 年春疫情封锁导致的生产中断。一些其他公司也提到了存在供应链中断和交货延迟的情况。

美国公司继续名列前茅

美国再次成为百强军工企业上榜数量最多的国家。41 家位于前 100 名的美国公司军售总额达 2850 亿美元, 较2019 年增长了 1.9%,占百强销售总额的 54%。自 2018 年以来,排名前五的军企均来自美国。 美国军工行业正在经历一波并购潮。为了扩大产品组合从而在竞标合同时更有优势,许多美国大型军工企 业选择进行合并或收购有前景的企业。“这种趋势在航天领域尤为明显,”亚历山德拉·马克斯坦纳说, “比如诺斯罗普格鲁曼公司和KBR 公司近年来都收购了专门从事航天技术的高价值公司。” 

中国公司所占份额在百强中位居第二

上榜的 5 家中国公司 2020 年的军售总额据估算为 668 亿美元,较 2019 年增长 1.5%。中国军工企业的销售 额占2020 年百强军售总额的 13%,落后于美国企业,但领先于占第三大份额的英国企业。

SIPRI 高级研究员田楠博士说:“中国军工企业的发展得益于中国近年来的军事现代化和军民融合的重点战 略。中国企业已经成为世界上最先进的军事技术生产商之一。”例如,中国兵器工业集团有限公司 (NORINCO)参与开发了北斗军民卫星导航系统,并加强了对新兴技术的投入。

欧洲军工企业的业绩喜忧参半

武器销售百强中的 26 家欧洲公司共占军售总额的 21%,累计 1090 亿美元。7 家英国公司 2020 年的军工销 售额为 375 亿美元,比 2019 年增长 6.2%。前十名中唯一的欧洲公司 BAE 系统公司的武器销售额增长了 6.6%,达到240 亿美元。 SIPRI 军事开支和武器生产项目主任贝露西博士说:“排名前 100 的 6 家法国公司的总销售额下降了7.7%。 这很大程度上是由于达索航空公司交付的阵风战斗机数量同比大幅下降。不过,在瞄准和导航系统销售的 推动下,赛峰集团的武器销售有所增长。 排名前 100 的 4 家德国公司 2020 年的武器销售额达到 89 亿美元,比 2019 年增长 1.3%。这些公司合计占百 强军售总额的 1.7%。德国最大的武器制造商莱茵金属的军售额增长了5.2%。相比之下,造船商蒂森克虏伯 的销售额则下降了 3.7%。

 俄罗斯公司武器销售连续第三年下降

在 2017 年达到顶峰后,百强中俄罗斯军工企业的销售额呈持续下降的趋势。

2020 年排名前 100 的 9 家俄罗 斯公司的军售总额从 2019 年的 282 亿美元下降到 264 亿美元——按实际价值计算下降了 6.5%,占百强军售 总额的 5.0%。 在 2011-2020 年国家军备计划的结束和疫情导致的延迟交货的双重背景下,百强中一些降幅最大的军工企 业来自俄罗斯。其中,阿尔马兹·安蒂和联合造船集团公司的武器销售额分别下降了 31%和 11%。相反,联 合航空制造公司的武器销售增长了 16%。 产品多样化是俄罗斯军工产业的另一大发展趋势。俄罗斯公司目前正在实施一项政府政策,到 2025 年将其 民用产品销售份额提高到总销售额的 30%,到 2030 年提高到 50%。

百强名单中的其他显著进展 • 

2020 年,美国、中国、俄罗斯和欧洲以外的百强公司的军售总额为 431 亿美元,较 2019 年增长 3.4%,占百强军售总额的 8.1%。

 • 跻身百强的 3 家以色列公司的武器销售额达到 104 亿美元,占百强总销售额的 2.0%。

• 上榜的 5 家日本公司 2020 年的武器销售总额为 99 亿美元,占百强总销售额的 1.9%。

• 百强名单中 4 家韩国公司的武器销售总额达 65 亿美元,同比增长 4.6%。

• 进入百强的 3 家印度公司的武器销售总额增长了 1.7%。2020 年,印度政府宣布分阶段武器进口禁 令,以提高武器生产的本土化。

SIPRI 军工产业数据库 SIPRI 军工产业数据库创建于 1989 年,当前版本包含自 2002 年以来的数据。在本新闻稿中,俄罗斯公司与欧洲公司被分开讨论。

自 2015 年起,有 5 家中国公司被纳入数据库。其他中国公司的军售可能也足以进入百强,但目前缺乏足够的数据将它们列入排名。

“军售”被定义为向国内外军事客户销售军事产品和服务。除另有说明外,所有变动均以实值表示,所有数字均以2020 年定值美元表 示。2019 年和 2020 年之间的比较基于 2020 年百强名单中的公司(即同一组公司之间的比较),而长期比较是基于在相应年份表单中的 公司集合(即不同的公司总和之间的比较)。

分析人士认为,当今世界之所以紧张,令人不安,就是因为有最大的武器商希望大量销售武器来赚取金钱。因此,时不时到外面煽风点火,制造紧张空气,然后,两边卖武器。至少可以向一边出售。在东南亚,炮制“中国威胁论”,在东欧,挑起俄罗斯威胁论,拉拢乌克兰加入北约或欧盟。

美国最大武器出口国沙特最大武器进口国

北欧绿色邮报网报道(记者陈雪霏)据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所3月9日消息,在2015-2019年五年间,国际武器销售比上一个五年增加了5.5%。最大的武器出口国是美国,俄罗斯,法国,德国和中国。

新的数据显示,武器主要流向了中东,沙特阿拉伯是最大武器进口商。

消息说,美国在过去五年中,其武器销售给96个国家。美国武器销售增加了23%。但是,比第二大武器销售国俄罗斯却增加了76%。 其中一半武器进入了中东地区,另一半全部卖给了沙特阿拉伯。

美国的先进军用飞机主要卖给了欧洲,澳大利亚,日本和中国台湾,斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所高级研究员魏泽曼说。

世界第一大武器进口国是沙特,第二大武器进口国是印度。

值得一提的是法国武器销售占全球销售的7.9%,是1990年以来销售最多的五年。销售地点是埃及,卡塔尔和印度。

阿联酋也进口了很多美国的武器。也门,利比亚的内战,都与沙特和阿联酋有关。

不难看出,世界局势的风云变幻与武器的流向有直接关系。中东战火不断,与武器的不断流入不无关系。

USA and France dramatically increase major arms exports; Saudi Arabia is largest arms importer—says SIPRI 
(Stockholm, 9 March 2020) International transfers of major arms during the five-year period 2015–19 increased by 5.5 per cent compared with 2010–14. According to new data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the largest exporters of arms during the past five years were the United States, Russia, France, Germany and China. The new data shows that the flow of arms to the Middle East has increased, with Saudi Arabia clearly being the world’s largest importer.Read this press release in CatalanFrenchRussianSpanish or Swedish.Download the Fact Sheet: Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2019
 
Significant increase in arms exports from the United States and FranceBetween 2010–14 and 2015–19, exports of major arms from the USA grew by 23 per cent, raising its share of total global arms exports to 36 per cent. In 2015–19 total US arms exports were 76 per cent higher than those of the second-largest arms exporter in the world, Russia. Major arms transferred from the USA went to a total of 96 countries.‘Half of US arms exports in the past five years went to the Middle East, and half of those went to Saudi Arabia,’ says Pieter D. Wezeman, Senior Researcher at SIPRI. ‘At the same time, demand for the USA’s advanced military aircraft increased, particularly in Europe, Australia, Japan and Taiwan.’French arms exports reached their highest level for any five-year period since 1990 and accounted for 7.9 per cent of total global arms exports in 2015–19, a 72 per cent increase on 2010–14. ‘The French arms industry has benefited from the demand for arms in Egypt, Qatar and India,’ says Diego Lopes Da Silva, SIPRI Researcher. 
 Notable decrease in Russian arms exports
Major arms exports by Russia decreased by 18 per cent between 2010–14 and 2015–19. ‘Russia has lost traction in India—the main long-term recipient of Russian major arms—which has led to a sharp reduction in arms exports,’ says Alexandra Kuimova, SIPRI Researcher. ‘This decrease was not offset by the increase in Russian arms exports to Egypt and Iraq in 2015–19.’
 Arms flows to countries in conflictArms imports by countries in the Middle East increased by 61 per cent between 2010–14 and 
2015–19, and accounted for 35 per cent of total global arms imports over the past five years.
 Saudi Arabia was the world’s largest arms importer in 2015–19. Its imports of major arms increased by 130 per cent compared with the previous five-year period and it accounted for 12 per cent of global arms imports in 2015–19. Despite the wide-ranging concerns in the USA and the United Kingdom about Saudi Arabia’s military intervention in Yemen, both the USA and the UK continued to export arms to Saudi Arabia in 2015–19. A total of 73 per cent of Saudi Arabia’s arms imports came from the USA and 13 per cent from the UK.
India was the second-largest arms importer in the world over the past five years, with its neighbour Pakistan ranking 11th. ‘As in previous years, in 2019 India and Pakistan—which are nuclear-armed states—attacked each other using an array of imported major arms,’ says Siemon T. Wezeman, Senior Researcher at SIPRI. ‘Many of the world’s largest arms exporters have supplied these two states for decades, often exporting arms to both sides.’
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been militarily involved in Libya as well as Yemen over the past five years and was the eighth-largest arms importer in the world in 2015–19. Two-thirds of its arms imports came from the USA during this period. In 2019, when foreign military involvement in Libya was condemned by the United Nations Security Council, the UAE had major arms import deals ongoing with Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the UK and the USA.In 2015–19 there were again armed clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Both countries are building up their military capability through imports, including missiles capable of attacking targets inside each other’s territory. Russia accounted for almost all of Armenia’s arms imports over the past five years. A total of 60 per cent of Azerbaijan’s arms imports came from Israel and 31 per cent from Russia.
In 2015–19 Turkish arms imports were 48 per cent lower than in the previous five-year period, even though its military was fighting Kurdish rebels and was involved in the conflicts in Libya and Syria. This decrease in imports can be explained by delays in deliveries of some major arms, the cancellation of a large deal with the USA for combat aircraft, and developments in the capability of the Turkish arms industry.
 Other notable developmentsGermany’s arms exports were 17 per cent higher in 2015–19 than in 2010–14.

China was the fifth-largest arms exporter in 2015–19 and significantly increased the number of recipients of its major arms: from 40 in 2010–14 to 53 in 2015–19.
South Korea’s arms exports rose by 143 per cent between 2010–14 and 2015–19 and it entered the list of the top 10 largest exporters for the first time.
Israeli arms exports increased by 77 per cent between 2010–14 and 2015–19 to their highest-ever level.
West and Central European states had outstanding orders at the end of 2019 for imports of 380 new combat aircraft from the USA.
Egypt’s arms imports tripled between 2010–14 and 2015–19, making it the world’s third-largest arms importer.

Brazil’s arms imports in 2015–19 were the highest in South America, accounting for 31 per cent of the subregion’s arms imports, despite a 37 per cent decrease compared with 2010–14.
South Africa, the largest arms importer in sub-Saharan Africa in 2005–2009, imported almost no major arms in 2015–19. 
For Editors
The SIPRI Arms Transfers Database is the only public resource that provides consistent information, often estimates, on all international transfers of major arms (including sales, gifts and production under licence) to states, international organizations and non-state groups since 1950. It is accessible on the Arms Transfers Database page of SIPRI’s website.SIPRI’s data reflects the volume of deliveries of arms, not the financial value of the deals. As the volume of deliveries can fluctuate significantly year-on-year, SIPRI presents data for five-year periods, giving a more stable measure of trends.
This is the second of three major data launches in the lead-up to the publication of SIPRI’s flagship publication in mid-2020, the annual SIPRI Yearbook. The third data launch release will provide comprehensive information on global, regional and national trends in military spending. For information and interview requests contact Alexandra Manolache (alexandra.manolache@sipri.org, +46 722 035 830) or Stephanie Blenckner (blenckner@sipri.org, +46 8 655 97 47).
 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public.
Related PublicationTrends in International Arms Transfers, 2019
 
From 9 March 2020 the freely accessible SIPRI Arms Transfers Database includes updated data on arms transfers for 1950–2019. Based on the new data, this Fact Sheet presents global trends in arms exports and arms imports and highlights selected issues related to arms transfers.
 

今日头条:斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所最新数据:中国已成为世界第二大武器生产国

北欧绿色邮报网报道(记者陈雪霏)斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所(SIPRI)最新研究表明,中国已成为世界第二大武器生产国,仅次于美国,但领先于俄罗斯。

此项研究为您呈现有史以来中国军工企业最为全面的梳理。 过去,中国军企军售额一直讳莫如深,要么无从知晓,要么估算难言可靠。正是出于这一原因, SIPRI 全球百强—全球 100 家最大的武器生产和军事服务公司—至今都未收录中国军工企业。

据估算, SIPRI 发现 2015-17 年中国军企军售额传达出独特的信息。研究聚焦 4 家财务信息公开透明的领军企业,共涉及三大常规武器生产部门:航空航天、电子和陆军装备系统。此类企业公开信息的日益增多,也使得我们现在有可能对中国武器工业规模作出合理精准估算。

中国已然成为多项世界第一。 根据 2015 年至 2017 年武器销售估算,我们将中国 4 大军企同世界其他地区领军军工企业进行横向对比。2017 年,SIPRI 百强企业中的20 强,美国有 11 家,西欧 6 家,俄罗斯 3 家。如果上述 4 家中国企业均收录 SIPRI 百强,它们都将跻身 20 强,其军售总额将达到 541 亿美元。其中 3 家将位列前10 强。 中国最大的军工企业为中国航空工业集团公司(AVIC),其军售总额达到 201 亿美元,位列世界第 6。中国北方工业集团公司(NORINCO),以 172 亿美元的销售额位列百强第 8 位,实际上北方工业集团是世界第一大陆军装备生产商。 武器生产更具专业化。中国军工企业大多只专注于某一个细分领域,这点和全球大多数骨干军企正好相反。如 AVIC 主 营飞机和航电设备。而大多数世界其他国家骨干军企产品序列覆盖面相对更广,单一军企就可涵盖航空、陆军装备系统甚至船舶制造等诸多领域。

中国军工企业军售数据长期讳莫如深,人们很难对中国军工行业有一个全貌了解。然而,这一次全新的范围界定研究,为进一步深入研究开创了新局面,同时为全面评估中国军售奠定了基础。

编者评论:对于上述评估,记者不知道是否准确,因为据笔者了解,中国航空航天部门并不是专门生产军品,他们很大一部分是生产民品,民用工业,近年来,实现向商业转变,并走向国际化。中国北方工业集团生产销售的东西包括警察逮捕犯人使用的手铐脚镣之类的产品,这种是否也属于军品呢?

当然,不管怎样,中国的很多公司包括航空航天部门通过改革,成功地实现了转型,同时,在高精尖领域也取得了很大成就。